We love our letterhead here in the processing sections of the Library of Virginia. One can come across such interesting, varied, and colorful examples while processing Governor’s papers, personal letters, or court records. We’ve shared a few examples of our finds in previous blog postings and have happily learned that you love them, too! As a result, we continue to save examples for future Out of the Box installments. It was with that thought that I made a Xerox of the following letterhead, assuming that I’d add it to our growing file to share at a later date. I showed it to a colleague, and she said, “Google those lines and see what you find.” Sure enough, there was more to this letterhead than met the eye.

The image and line refer to a song written during the 1844 presidential campaign for Whig Party nominee Henry Clay. The illustration shows a raccoon holding a document (or stick) labeled “Constitution,” and rolling a large ball after a scurrying fox. Considered to be the first modern national campaign, the 1844 contest pitted the Whig, Clay, against Democrat James K. Polk. This being Clay’s third presidential race, the Democrats pejoratively dubbed him “the same old coon” in reference to his perennial candidacy. In response, the Whigs decided to embrace the moniker, even using the raccoon image on their banners and bringing live raccoons to rallies. The “Old Kentucky Coon” was born.

This cartoon letterhead, topping what is an otherwise mundane piece of Madison County court paperwork, characterizes the nomination fight amongst the Democrats and uses two lines from a ditty that mocks all of the would-be Democratic candidates. The fox running ahead of the ball pushed by the raccoon is meant to symbolize Martin Van Buren, “the red fox of Kinderhook.” The former president was attempting to gain the Democratic nomination in 1844 alongside Polk, Lewis Cass, Richard M. Johnson, James Buchanan, and John C. Calhoun. The ball represents a popular political advertising gimmick of the day. It became popular for proponents of a particular candidate to roll large leather balls bearing a campaign slogan or candidate’s name through towns as part of a rally or procession in order to garner support for their man. I suppose that’s better than today’s non-stop campaign commercials and robo-calls!

The rally song referenced by the two lines under the illustration was set to the tune of “Old Dan Tucker.” Varied lyrics can be found transcribed online from newspapers but all unfavorably characterized the Democratic candidates challenging Clay. Buchanan was “an old wagon horse,” Johnson, a War of 1812 veteran, was “an old war horse” and slayer of “Tecumsey” [Shawnee chief Tecumseh], and “the fiery Southern horse” referred to Calhoun. These depictions were similar to imagery used in political cartoons of the day.

According to Dr. Michael T. Smith, professor at McNeese State University in Lake Charles, Louisiana, nineteenth-century political cartoons “are often dense with references that [are] sort of hard to puzzle out.” These complex and symbolic illustrations used imagery that would have been familiar to the contemporary American in order to convey certain political or social opinions. One in particular that predicts Democratic defeat shows Van Buren, Polk, Andrew Jackson, Thomas Hart Benton, and George M. Dallas in a dinghy being pulled by the steamer Ballot Box up the Salt River. At the stern of the steamer is a large cabbage on a pike, a reference to imagery from the 1840 campaign indicating the Whigs’ desire to retire Van Buren to Kinderhook “to raise cabbages.” (For more on campaign propaganda from the election of 1840, see the earlier blog post, “This is the House that Jack Built.”) Other cartoons portraying the 1844 presidential candidates that I found while researching this one show Polk as an alligator, Van Buren as a rat, and the incumbent, John Tyler, as a rattlesnake. Still other cartoons address the issue of the annexation of Texas, a major issue of the 1844 campaign.

So, out of a very large (1.5 cubic feet), and mostly dull, court case (Madison County Chancery Cause Administrators of Thomas Shirley vs. Heirs of Thomas Shirley and Zachariah Shirley vs. Administrators of Thomas Shirley, 1919-001) came an interesting piece of scrap paper that took me back to the election of 1844.

-Vince Brooks, Senior Local Records Archivist

The Library of Virginia has a variety of records in several collections (Secretary of the Commonwealth, Office of the Governor, Virginia General Assembly, etc.)  related to the Virginia Electoral College from 1789 to 2008.    Today, copies of the Certificate of Ascertainment and Certificate of Vote are transferred to the Library by the Virginia State Board of Elections.  The Certificate of Ascertainment lists the names of the electors appointed and the number of votes cast for each person during the general election.  The Certificate of Vote lists the totals for the Electoral College.  Additional records related to the 2008 Virginia Electoral College are included in the Governor Tim Kaine Administration Web Archive Collection.  You can read Governor Tim Kaine’s address to the 2008 Electoral College and view photographs of the event.

-Roger Christman, Senior State Records Archivist

*Original post slightly edited for clarity

On 13 November 1860, J.S. Moore of Indiana wrote a letter to his Virginia relative Doctor Thomas Moore. Much of the letter has to do with health matters and the vibrant Indiana economy. The “Indiana Moore” then turned his attention to the recent 1860 presidential election. He provides “Virginia Moore” his thoughts on Abraham Lincoln, the Republican Party, the Democratic Party, and who was responsible for the secession crisis pervading the nation at the time.

“I suppose Lincoln is elected President and report says the result has created a consternation in the South and an effort is being made to adopt a plan for secession. It does appear to me that it is folly and madness on their part to attempt resistance at all events until Lincoln or his party is guilty of an overt act that would justify such a procedure if justifiable it could be. I know that Mr. Lincoln holds today principles that you and I use to battle for under the leadership of Henry Clay.

And I do say when the Republican Party is assailed the assault is not made on their principles but a misrepresentation of those principles and I hold the Democratic Party responsible for the ill feeling engendered both North and South. They persist in saying here at home that the Republican Party proposes to make war on the Institutions of the South. In a word that it is the fixed purpose of Lincoln to abolish slavery in the States when they know he stands pledged against any thing of the kind and would frown down such a movement let it come from whatever source it may. The Democratic Party has depended for success on lieing [sic] and misrepresentation for the last Twenty years and their lies and slanders have recoiled on their own heads. And they can now have the melancholy pleasure of reviewing their past course and see the ‘Rock upon which they Split.’

If the Negroes of the South looked for assistance from the North simultaneously with the election of Lincoln they gathered it from the speeches and movements of such men as Keit, Rhett, Gist, Yancy, Wigfall, and your own citizen Henry A. Wise. And those men will live to see that they by given credence and utterance to slanders started in the North have done more to excite servile insurrection among the Slaves than any other set of published articles purporting to have been copied from the New York tribune & Cincinnati Gazette that were pronounced by these papers base slanders and forgeries and I knew them to be such as I am a somewhat careful reader of those papers.

I think the conservative men both North & South should counsel moderation and thereby allay the bitter strife that has convulsd [sic] the country the last six years. I will go ‘Old Abes’ security that he will do right  and I hope he will make those corrupt officials ‘scamper’ like the money changers of old for they have almost perverted the Government. Enough on this subject.”

The letter continued as J.S. Moore proceeded to get Dr. Moore up to date on various Moore family members and his upcoming marriage.

The J.S. Moore to Dr. Thomas Moore letter, along with other Civil War era correspondence found in the Rockbridge County court records, is available at the Library of Virginia.

-Greg Crawford, Local Records Coordinator

In honor of the upcoming Election Day, today’s post presents a record that illustrates the struggles that some Virginians experienced while attempting to exercise the right to vote guaranteed them by the Fifteenth Amendment.  Today’s ease of voter registration belies the fact that this has not always been so in Virginia for everyone.  The Commonwealth’s Constitution of 1902 was a post-Reconstruction attempt to whittle down the voter rolls by making property ownership, poll taxes, and literacy tests prerequisites to voter registration, thereby eliminating large numbers of African Americans and poor whites.  Section 19 of Article II specifically mentions the so-called “understanding clause” –  the requirement that a person applying to register must be able to read or have read to him a section of the Constitution and explain its meaning to the registrar.  It seems fairly clear that this understanding clause was not applied to every person registering to vote.

Warren County kept a register of voters  titled “Refused Colored Applicants,” 1902-1903 (Barcode 1205724) consisting of dated entries by name of African American men attempting to register to vote, along with their ages, dates of birth, occupations, and how long they had lived in the state, county, and precinct. Also recorded is the section of the Virginia constitution that was given to the men for explanation (although not which article) and what their answers were. All applicants in this list were marked “refused” or “not admitted.”

What is interesting is what is revealed in the volume, both of the applicant and of the registrar.  Snowden Robinson is noted as “insolently” remarking “I guess some questions you men can’t answer” after he was refused registration.  Clearly the use of the term “insolently” is the registration board reacting to his displeasure at their refusal.  Jos. Charles Wilson Butler’s explanation of his section of the Constitution was simply that it meant “that you men have no right to refuse to register me”—surely not the explanation that the registration board was expecting.  The entry for Ernest Vivian Lewis may be the most unintentionally poignant of all.  He states that he cannot explain the section given to him but that he “just came to try.”  Mr. Lewis arrived seeming to know that he was not going to pass this test but clearly he felt strongly enough about voting that he came anyway.

As you head out to the polls next week, be grateful that your right to vote does not now depend upon your race, your gender, or your economic status.

-Sarah Nerney, Senior Local Records Archivist