We love our letterhead here in the processing sections of the Library of Virginia. One can come across such interesting, varied, and colorful examples while processing Governor’s papers, personal letters, or court records. We’ve shared a few examples of our finds in previous blog postings and have happily learned that you love them, too! As a result, we continue to save examples for future Out of the Box installments. It was with that thought that I made a Xerox of the following letterhead, assuming that I’d add it to our growing file to share at a later date. I showed it to a colleague, and she said, “Google those lines and see what you find.” Sure enough, there was more to this letterhead than met the eye.

The image and line refer to a song written during the 1844 presidential campaign for Whig Party nominee Henry Clay. The illustration shows a raccoon holding a document (or stick) labeled “Constitution,” and rolling a large ball after a scurrying fox. Considered to be the first modern national campaign, the 1844 contest pitted the Whig, Clay, against Democrat James K. Polk. This being Clay’s third presidential race, the Democrats pejoratively dubbed him “the same old coon” in reference to his perennial candidacy. In response, the Whigs decided to embrace the moniker, even using the raccoon image on their banners and bringing live raccoons to rallies. The “Old Kentucky Coon” was born.

This cartoon letterhead, topping what is an otherwise mundane piece of Madison County court paperwork, characterizes the nomination fight amongst the Democrats and uses two lines from a ditty that mocks all of the would-be Democratic candidates. The fox running ahead of the ball pushed by the raccoon is meant to symbolize Martin Van Buren, “the red fox of Kinderhook.” The former president was attempting to gain the Democratic nomination in 1844 alongside Polk, Lewis Cass, Richard M. Johnson, James Buchanan, and John C. Calhoun. The ball represents a popular political advertising gimmick of the day. It became popular for proponents of a particular candidate to roll large leather balls bearing a campaign slogan or candidate’s name through towns as part of a rally or procession in order to garner support for their man. I suppose that’s better than today’s non-stop campaign commercials and robo-calls!

The rally song referenced by the two lines under the illustration was set to the tune of “Old Dan Tucker.” Varied lyrics can be found transcribed online from newspapers but all unfavorably characterized the Democratic candidates challenging Clay. Buchanan was “an old wagon horse,” Johnson, a War of 1812 veteran, was “an old war horse” and slayer of “Tecumsey” [Shawnee chief Tecumseh], and “the fiery Southern horse” referred to Calhoun. These depictions were similar to imagery used in political cartoons of the day.

According to Dr. Michael T. Smith, professor at McNeese State University in Lake Charles, Louisiana, nineteenth-century political cartoons “are often dense with references that [are] sort of hard to puzzle out.” These complex and symbolic illustrations used imagery that would have been familiar to the contemporary American in order to convey certain political or social opinions. One in particular that predicts Democratic defeat shows Van Buren, Polk, Andrew Jackson, Thomas Hart Benton, and George M. Dallas in a dinghy being pulled by the steamer Ballot Box up the Salt River. At the stern of the steamer is a large cabbage on a pike, a reference to imagery from the 1840 campaign indicating the Whigs’ desire to retire Van Buren to Kinderhook “to raise cabbages.” (For more on campaign propaganda from the election of 1840, see the earlier blog post, “This is the House that Jack Built.”) Other cartoons portraying the 1844 presidential candidates that I found while researching this one show Polk as an alligator, Van Buren as a rat, and the incumbent, John Tyler, as a rattlesnake. Still other cartoons address the issue of the annexation of Texas, a major issue of the 1844 campaign.

So, out of a very large (1.5 cubic feet), and mostly dull, court case (Madison County Chancery Cause Administrators of Thomas Shirley vs. Heirs of Thomas Shirley and Zachariah Shirley vs. Administrators of Thomas Shirley, 1919-001) came an interesting piece of scrap paper that took me back to the election of 1844.

-Vince Brooks, Senior Local Records Archivist

Another presidential election year is upon us, and we are already bombarded with television ads touting the two candidates and proclaiming their positions on every issue from A to Z.  Will 2012 be an election for the history books or will it be relegated along with other campaigns to the dustbin of history?  You may remember the elections of 1800 (Jefferson’s “Revolution of 1800”), 1860 (the election that sparked the Civil War), 1932 (FDR, Hoover, and the Great Depression), and 1984 (Reagan’s “Morning in America”).  But what about others?  Quick, without Googling it—who ran against Teddy Roosevelt in 1904?

The election of 1840 mostly falls into the dustbin file.  It is usually remembered only because of a catchy campaign slogan (“Tippecanoe and Tyler too!”) and the fact that the winner, second-rate military hero William Henry Harrison, served only one month before becoming the first president to die in office.  Yet 1840 was a key election year, and a broadside found in the Library of Virginia’s collection reveals some of the issues at play.  Entitled “This Is The House that Jack Built” (LVA accession 28192), this 1840 political cartoon by John Childs utilizes the nursery rhyme of the same name to illustrate the views of Harrison’s Whig Party. 

Four years earlier, the Whig Party had formed in opposition to President Andrew Jackson, coalescing around Henry Clay’s “American System”—a tariff to encourage domestic manufacturing, federally funded internal improvements, and a national bank to regulate the national economy and finances.  In 1840, the Whigs ridiculed the incumbent Martin Van Buren and the economic policies he inherited from Jackson.  Their “commercials” were often broadsides like this one, which satirized the Jackson and Van Buren administrations’ financial and economic policies that the Whigs believed were responsible for the Depression of 1837 and the sluggish growth of the economy.  While the references found in this cartoon are obscure to most modern readers, they were quite controversial at the time.

This sort of propaganda struck a chord, and the Whigs succeeded in 1840.  With 80% of eligible voters casting ballots, Harrison was elected president and the party gained majorities in both houses of Congress.  The American System seemed poised for passage.  But on 4 March, the 68-year-old Harrison, hatless and with no overcoat, delivered a 105-minute-long inaugural address in the cold rain.  He caught a cold which became pneumonia and died one month later, on 4 April.  Vice President John Tyler, an anti-Jackson states righter, succeeded to the presidency.  More loyal to states rights than to Whig philosophy, Tyler vetoed the Whig-passed national bank bill.  The new president (“His Accidency”) defeated his own party’s goals.

The Whigs elected another military hero president (Zachary Taylor, “Old Rough and Ready”) in 1848 and remained competitive in elections until collapsing under the weighty issue of slavery in the 1850s.  But the party never had another chance like 1840 – a chance, had Harrison lived, to alter the course of American history.  Only after the Civil War did a party with a similar agenda to the American System implement it.  Maybe all those uninteresting elections, which only come alive for us now in rare relics like “This Is The House that Jack Built,” had profound consequences after all.

 “This Is The House that Jack Built” (LVA Accession 28192) is available for research at the Library of Virginia.

-Trenton Hizer, Senior Finding Aids Archivist