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During the summer of 1865, the Secretary of the Commonwealth issued instructions to commissioners of election in the counties that had not been part of the loyal Restored government of Virginia. He advised registrars that by an act of General…

This 1869 lithograph from the Richmond studio of lithographer Charles Ludwig illustrated one fear that white Virginians entertained after the Civil War, that unscrupulous politicians would use government jobs in the post office or federal customs…

Lorenzo L. Ivy was born in Pittsylvania County at the end of the Civil War. He described the cruel treatment of his enslaved family members and the slave trade. He attended Hampton with Booker T. Washington and graduated in 1875.

This overlay shows 2010 poverty data on the old 1937 HOLC map that red lined black neighborhoods.

Before the Civil War, churches often had black and white members, although they were segregated within the congregation. African American churches were required by Virginia law to have white ministers, and after the Civil War, many African Americans…